The quotations, citations, and other references made by women writers in the WWO collection.
| Source Text(definition of “Source text”) | Gesture(definition of “Intertextual gesture”) | Referenced Work(definition of “Referenced work”) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Text | Topics & Genres (definition of “Topic”) | Text of the Gesture | Gesture Type (The Terminology page on “”) | Text | Topics & Genres (definition of “Topic”) |
| Bannerman, Anne. Poems. 1800. | Poetry | Relation of the Earthquake at Lima | title | Lozano, Pedro. A True and Particular Relation of the Dreadful Earthquake Which Happened at Lima. 1748. | |
| Benger, Elizabeth Ogilvy. The Female Geniad. 1791. | Poetry | Mineral Kingdom | title | Williams, John. The Natural History of the Mineral Kingdom. 1789. | Geology |
| Child, Lydia Maria (Francis). An Appeal in Favor of that Class of Americans Called Africans. 1833. | Political writing | In these contemporary and spontaneous effusions, the speaker gives utterance to his hopes and fears, his joys and sorrows. All the sovereigns are attended by singing men and women, who like the European minstrels and troubadours celebrate interesting events in verse, which they repeat before the public. Like all, whose business it is to rehearse the virtues of monarchs, they are of course, too much given to flattery. The effusions of the African muse are inspired by nature and animated by national enthusiasm. From the few specimens given, they seem not unlikely to reward the care of a collector. How few among our peasantry could have produced the pathetic lamentation uttered in the little Bambarra cottage over the distresses of Mungo Park! These songs handed down from father to son, evidently contain all that exists among the African nations of traditional history. From the songs of the Jillimen, or minstrels, of Soolimani, Major Laing was enabled to compile the annals of that small kingdom for more than a century.” | quote | Jameson, Robert. Narrative of Discovery and Adventure in Africa. 1830. | |
| Child, Lydia Maria (Francis). An Appeal in Favor of that Class of Americans Called Africans. 1833. | Political writing | English Family Library, No. XVI. | citation | Jameson, Robert. Narrative of Discovery and Adventure in Africa. 1830. | |
| Francis, Anne (Gittins). A Poetical Translation of the Song of Solomon. 1781. | “dress magnificently, in a manner much more rich and splendid than any thing of that kind among us. Their dress consists of a quantity of pearls, precious stones, costly furs, and other things of value. Their shifts alone come to six or seven pistoles. In a word, three young ladies of France might be handsomely dressed for the same sum that a common habit comes to in Egypt.” | quote | de Maillet, Benoît. Telliamed. 1748. | ||
| Francis, Anne (Gittins). A Poetical Translation of the Song of Solomon. 1781. | Lett. | title | de Maillet, Benoît. Telliamed. 1748. | ||
| Francis, Anne (Gittins). A Poetical Translation of the Song of Solomon. 1781. | “The Egyptian ladies of these times,” | quote | de Maillet, Benoît. Telliamed. 1748. | ||
| Francis, Anne (Gittins). A Poetical Translation of the Song of Solomon. 1781. | “are very curious in washing and perfuming themselves:” | quote | de Maillet, Benoît. Telliamed. 1748. | ||
| Francis, Anne (Gittins). A Poetical Translation of the Song of Solomon. 1781. | “We are told of a curious balsam-tree that long flourished in Judea, an object of great attention to Solomon; which was afterwards translated to Matarea in Egypt, where it continued till about two hundred years ago.” | quote | de Maillet, Benoît. Telliamed. 1748. | ||
| Francis, Anne (Gittins). A Poetical Translation of the Song of Solomon. 1781. | Lett. | title | de Maillet, Benoît. Telliamed. 1748. | ||
| Rowe, Elizabeth (Singer). Poems on Several Occasions. 1696. | Poetry | A Practical Discourse on the late Earthquakes | advertisement | A Reverend Divine. A Practical Discourse on the Late Earthquakes with an Historical Account of Prodigies and Their Various Effects. 1692. | |
| Sanders, Elizabeth (Elkins). Conversations Principally on the Aborigines of North America. 1828. | Ethnography | Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida, the Cherokee Country, the extensive Territories of the Muscogulges, or Creek Confederacy, and the Country of the Chactaws | title | Bartram, William. Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida, the Cherokee country, the Extensive Territories of the Muscogulges or Creek Confederacy, and the Country of the Chactaws. 1792. | |
| Sanders, Elizabeth (Elkins). Conversations Principally on the Aborigines of North America. 1828. | Ethnography | “This world,” | quote | Bartram, William. Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida, the Cherokee country, the Extensive Territories of the Muscogulges or Creek Confederacy, and the Country of the Chactaws. 1792. | |
| Sanders, Elizabeth (Elkins). Conversations Principally on the Aborigines of North America. 1828. | Ethnography | “as a glorious apartment of the boundless palace of the sovereign Creator, is furnished with an infinite variety of animated scenes, inexpressibly beautiful and pleasing, equally free to the inspection and enjoyment of all his creatures.” | quote | Bartram, William. Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida, the Cherokee country, the Extensive Territories of the Muscogulges or Creek Confederacy, and the Country of the Chactaws. 1792. | |
| Sanders, Elizabeth (Elkins). Conversations Principally on the Aborigines of North America. 1828. | Ethnography | “ The males of the Muscogulges, Cherokees, and confederate tribes of the Creeks, are tall, erect and moderately robust; their limbs well shaped, so as generally to form a perfect human figure; their features regular, and countenance open, dignified and placid; yet the forehead and brow so formed, as to strike you instantly with heroism and bravery; the eye, though rather small, yet active and full of fire, the iris always black; and the nose inclining to the aquiline. Their countenance and actions exhibit an air of magnanimity, superiority, and independence. Their complexion of a reddish brown or copper colour, their hair long, lank, coarse, and black as a raven, and reflecting the like lustre at different exposures to the light. The women of the Cherokees are tall, slender, erect and of a delicate frame; their features formed with perfect symmetry; their countenances cheerful, and friendly; and they move with a becoming grace. This description of the Cherokee women, will with some variations, apply equally well to the females of the other tribes. The Cherokees are taller and more robust than the Muscogulges, and by far the largest race of men I have seen, with some few exceptions; their complexions brighter, and somewhat of the olive cast, especially the adults; and some of their young women are nearly as fair, and blooming, as European women.” | quote | Bartram, William. Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida, the Cherokee country, the Extensive Territories of the Muscogulges or Creek Confederacy, and the Country of the Chactaws. 1792. | |
| Sanders, Elizabeth (Elkins). Conversations Principally on the Aborigines of North America. 1828. | Ethnography | “The Cherokees, in their dispositions and manners are grave and steady; dignified and circumspect in their deportment, yet frank, cheerful, and humane; tenacious of the liberties and natural rights of men; secret, deliberate and determined in their councils; honest, just and liberal, and ready always to sacrifice every pleasure and gratification, even life itself, to defend their territories, and maintain their rights. The national character of the Muscogulges, when considered in a political view, exhibits a portraiture of a great and illustrious hero. A proud, haughty, arrogant race of men, they are valiant in war, ambitious of conquest, restless and perpetually exercising their arms, yet magnanimous and merciful to a vanquished enemy, when he submits and seeks their friendship and protection: always uniting the vanquished tribes in confederacy with them; when they immediately enjoy, unexceptionably, every right of free citizens, and are from that moment united in one common band of brotherhood. They were never known to exterminate a tribe, except the Yamasees, who would never submit, but fought it out to the last, only about forty or fifty of them escaping at the last decisive battle. If we consider them with respect to their private character, or in a moral view, they must I think claim our approbation, if we divest ourselves of prejudice and think freely. As moral men, they certainly stand in no need of European civilization. They are just, honest, liberal and hospitable to strangers; considerate, loving and affectionate to their wives and relations; fond of their children, industrious, frugal, temperate and forbearing. I have been weeks and months amongst them and in their towns, and never observed the least sign of contention: never saw an instance of an Indian beating his wife, or even reproving her in anger. In this case, they stand as examples of reproof to the most civilized nations, as not being defective in justice, gratitude, and good understanding; for indeed their wives merit their esteem, and the most gentle treatment, they being industrious, frugal, loving and affectionate. The Muscogulges are more volatile, and talkative, than their Northern neighbours, the Cherokees; and though far more distant from the white settlement than any nation East of the Mississippi or Ohio, appear evidently to have made greater advances towards the refinements of true civilization, which cannot in the least degree be attributed to the good example of the white people. Their internal police and family economy, at once engage the notice of European travellers, and incontrovertibly place these people in an illustrious point of view: their liberality, intimacy, and friendly intercourse one with another, without any restraint of ceremonious formality, as if they were even insensible of the use or necessity of associating the passions or affections of avarice or ambition. A man goes forth on his business or avocations, he calls in at another town if he wants food, rest or social conversation; he confidently approaches the door of the first house he chooses, saying, I am come; the good man or woman replies, you are, it is well. Immediately victuals and drink are ready; he eats and drinks a little, then smokes, and converses either of private matters, or news of the town. He rises and says I go, the other answers, you do. He then proceeds again, and stops in at the next habitation he likes, or repairs to the public square, where are people always conversing by day, or dancing at night, or to some more private assembly, as he likes; he needs no one to introduce him, any more than the black-bird or thrush, when he repairs to the fruitful groves to regale on their luxuries. It is astonishing, though a fact, as well as a sharp reproof to the white people, if they will allow themselves to reflect and form a just estimate, and I must own elevates those people to the first rank amongst mankind, that they have been able to resist the continual efforts of the complicated host of vices, that have for ages over-run the nations of the old world, and so contaminated their morals, yet more so, since such vast armies of these evil spirits have invaded this continent, and invested them on all sides. Astonishing indeed! when we behold the immoral conduct of too many white people, who reside amongst them; notwithstanding which, it seems natural, eligible, and even easy, for these simple, illiterate people to put in practice those beautiful lectures delivered to us by the ancient sages and philosophers, and recorded for our instruction. I saw a young Indian in the nation, who when present and beholding the scenes of mad intemperance and folly, acted by the whites in the town, pressed his hand to his breast, and with a smile looked aloft as if struck with astonishment, and wrapt in love and adoration to the Diety; as who should say, ‘Oh thou Great and Good Spirit! we are indeed sensible of thy benignity and favour to us red men, in denying us the knowledge of white men,—We did not know before they came amongst us that mankind could become so base, and fall so below the dignity of their nature.—Defend us from their manners, laws and power.’ The Muscogulges with their confederates, eminently deserve the encomium of all nations, for their wisdom and virtue, in resisting, and even repelling the greatest and common enemy of mankind, at least, of most of the European nations; I mean spirituous liquors. The first and most cogent article in all their treaties with the white people, is, that there shall not be any kind of spirituous liquors sold or brought into their towns; and the traders are allowed but five gallons each, wich is supposed to be sufficient for a company, to serve them on the road, and if any of this remains on their approaching the town, they must spill it on the ground, or secrete it on the road, for it must not come into the town. How are we to account for their excellent policy in civil government; it cannot derive its influence from coercive laws, for they have no such artificial system. Divine wisdom dictates and they obey. We see and know full well the direful effects of this torrent of evil, which has its source in hell, and we know surely, as well as these savages, how to divert its course and suppress its inundations. Do we want wisdom and virtue? let our youth then repair to the venerable councils of the Muscogulges. The Indians are by no means idolators, unless their puffing the tobacco smoke towards the sun, and rejoicing at the appearance of the new moon, may be termed so. So far from idolatry are they, that they have no images among them, nor any religious rite or ceremony that I could perceive; but adore the Great Spirit, the giver and taker away of the breath of life, with the most profound and respectful homage. They believe in a future state where the spirit exists, which they call the world of spirits, where they enjoy different degrees of tranquility or comfort, agreeably to their life spent here: a person who in his life has been an industrious hunter, provided well for his family; an intrepid active warrior, just, upright, and done all the good he could, will, they say, in the world of spirits, live in a warm, pleasant country, where are expansive, green, flowery savannas, and high forests, watered with rivers of pure waters, replenished with every species of game, a serene, unclouded sky; in short, where there is a fulness of pleasure. These people, like all other nations, are fond of music and dancing: their music is both vocal and instrumental; but of the latter they have scarcely any thing worth the name; the tambour, rattle-gourd, and a kind of flute, made of the joint of reed; on this instrument they perform badly, it is only young fellows who amuse themselves on this howling instrument; but the tambour and rattle, accompanied with their sweet low voices, produce a pathetic harmony, keeping exact time together, and the countenance of the musician at proper times seems to express the solemn elevated state of the mind; at that time there appears not only a harmony between him and his instrument, but it instantly touches the feelings of the attentive audience, as the influence of an active and powerful spirit; there is then an united, universal sensation, and peaceful union of souls throughout the assembly. Their music, vocal and instrumental, keeps exact time with the performers or dancers.” | quote | Bartram, William. Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida, the Cherokee country, the Extensive Territories of the Muscogulges or Creek Confederacy, and the Country of the Chactaws. 1792. | |
| Sanders, Elizabeth (Elkins). Conversations Principally on the Aborigines of North America. 1828. | Ethnography | “They have an endless variety of steps, but the most common and most admired and practised amongst themselves, is a slow shuffling alternate step, both feet move forward, one after the other, first the right foot foremost, and next the left, moving one after the other in opposite circles, first a circle of young men, and within a circle of young women, moving together opposite ways, the men with the course of the sun, and the females contrary to it; the men strike their arm with their open hand, and the girls clap hands and raise their shrill sweet voices, answering an elevated shout of the men, at stated times of termination of the stanzas, and the girls perform an interlude or chorus separately. To accompany their dances, they have songs of different classes, some are of a moral character, and seem to be the most esteemed and practised, and answer to the purpose of religious lectures. Some of their most favourite songs and dances, they have from the Chactaws, for it appears that these people are very eminent for poetry and music; every town amongst them strive to excel each other in composing new songs for dances, and by a custom amongst them they must at least have one new song, for exhibition, at every annual busk. Their doleful moral songs or elegies, have a quick and sensible effect on their passions; their countenances now dejected, again by an easy transition, become gently elevated, as if in solemn address or supplication, accompanied with a tremulous, sweet lamentable voice. A stranger is for a moment lost to himself as it were, or his mind associated with the person immediately affected, is in danger of revealing his own distress unawares. They have a variety of games for exercise and pastimes: some particular to the male, some to the female sex; and others wherein both sexes are engaged. The ball play is esteemed the most noble and manly exercise. This game is exhibited in an extensive level plain, usually contiguous to the town: the inhabitants of one town play against another, in consequence of a challenge, when the youth of both sexes are often engaged, and sometimes stake their whole substance. Here they perform amazing feats of strength and agility. The game principally consists in taking and carrying off the ball from the opposite party, after being hurled into the air, midway between two high pillars, which are the goals, and the party who bears off the ball to their pillar, wins the game; each person has a racquet or hurl, which is an instrument of a very curious construction, somewhat resembling a ladle or little hoop-net. The foot ball is likewise a favourite, manly diversion with them. Feasting and dancing in the square at evening, ends all their games. They have, besides, feasts or festivals, almost for every month in the year, which are chiefly dedicated to hunting and agriculture. The busk, or feast of first fruits, is their principal festival; this seems to end the last, and begin the new year. It commences in August, when their new crops of corn are arrived at maturity; and every town celebrates the busk separately, when their own harvest is ready. If they have any religious rite or ceremony, this festival is its most solemn celebration. When a town celebrates the busk, having previously provided themselves with new clothes, household utensils, and furniture, they collect all their worn-out clothes, and other despicable things, sweep and cleanse their houses, squares, and the whole town, and all the remaining grain, and other old provisions, they cast into one common heap, and consume it with fire. After having taken medicine, and fasted for three days, all the fire in the town is extinguished. During this fast they abstain from the gratification of every appetite and passion whatever. A general amnesty is proclaimed; all malefactors may return to their town, and are absolved from their crimes, which are now forgotten. On the fourth morning the high priest, by rubbing dry wood together, produces new fire in the public square, from whence every habitation in the town is supplied with the new and pure flame. Then the women go forth to the harvest field and bring from thence new corn and fruits, which being prepared in the best manner, in various dishes, and drink withal, is brought with solemnity to the square, where the people are assembled, appareled in their new clothes and decorations. The men having regaled themselves, the remainder is carried off and distributed among the families of the town. The women and children solace themselves in their families, and in the evening repair to the public square, where they dance, sing and rejoice, during the whole night, observing a proper and exemplary decorum. This continues three days, and the four following days they receive visits and rejoice with their friends from the neighbouring towns, who have purified and prepared themselves.” | quote | Bartram, William. Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida, the Cherokee country, the Extensive Territories of the Muscogulges or Creek Confederacy, and the Country of the Chactaws. 1792. | |
| Sanders, Elizabeth (Elkins). Conversations Principally on the Aborigines of North America. 1828. | Ethnography | “Their country having a vast frontier, naturally accesible and open to the incursions of their enemies, they find themselves under the necessity of associating in large populous towns, as near together as convenient, that they may be enabled to succour and defend one another in case of sudden invasion. This, consequently, occasions deer and bear to be scarce, and difficult to procure, which obliges them to be vigilant and industrious; this naturally begets care and serious attention, which we may suppose in some degree forms their natural disposition and manners; and gives them that air of dignified gravity, so strikingly characteristic in their aged people; and that steadiness, just and cheerful reverence, in the middle-aged and youth, which sits so easy upon them, and appears so natural. For however strange it may appear to us, the same moral duties, which with us form the amiable, virtuous character, so difficult to maintain, there, without compulsion or visible restraint, operate like instinct, with a surprising harmony and natural ease, insomuch that it seems impossible for them to act out of the common high road to virtue. We will now take a view of the lower Creeks or Seminoles, and the natural disposition which characterizes this people; whom, from the striking contrast, the philosopher may approve or disapprove, as he thinks proper, from the judgment and opinion given by different men. The Seminoles are but a weak people with respect to numbers, yet they enjoy a superabundance of the necessaries of life, with the security of person and property. The hides of deer, bears, &c. together with honey, wax, and other productions of the country, purchase their clothing, equipage and domestic utensils, from the whites. They seem to be free from want or desires. No cruel enemy to dread; nothing to give them disquietude, but the gradual encroachments of the white people. Thus contented and undisturbed, they appear as blythe and free as the birds of the air, and like them as volatile and active, tuneful and vociferous. The visage, action and deportment of the Seminoles, form the most striking picture of happiness in this life; joy, contentment, love and friendship, seem inherent in them, or predominant in their vital principle, for it leaves them but with the last breath. It even seems imposing a constraint upon their ancient chiefs and senators, to maintain a necessary decorum and solemnity, in their public councils; not even the debility of extreme old age, is sufficient to erase from their visages, this joyous simplicity; but, like the gray eve of a serene and calm day, a gladdening cheering blush remains on the western horizon after the sun is set. I doubt not but some of my countrymen, who may read these accounts of the Indians, which I have endeavoured to relate according to truth, at least as they appeared to me, will charge me with partiality or prejudice in their favour.” | quote | Bartram, William. Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida, the Cherokee country, the Extensive Territories of the Muscogulges or Creek Confederacy, and the Country of the Chactaws. 1792. | |
| Sanders, Elizabeth (Elkins). Conversations Principally on the Aborigines of North America. 1828. | Ethnography | “I will now,” | quote | Bartram, William. Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida, the Cherokee country, the Extensive Territories of the Muscogulges or Creek Confederacy, and the Country of the Chactaws. 1792. | |
| Sanders, Elizabeth (Elkins). Conversations Principally on the Aborigines of North America. 1828. | Ethnography | “endeavour to exhibit their vices and immoralities, from my own observations, and knowledge, as well as accounts from the white traders who reside amongst them.” | quote | Bartram, William. Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida, the Cherokee country, the Extensive Territories of the Muscogulges or Creek Confederacy, and the Country of the Chactaws. 1792. | |
| Sanders, Elizabeth (Elkins). Conversations Principally on the Aborigines of North America. 1828. | Ethnography | “The Indians make war against, kill and destroy their species, and their motives spring from the same erroneous source as they do in all other nations of mankind; that is, the ambition of exhibiting to their fellows a superior character of national and personal valour; and thereby immortalizing themselves, by transmitting their names with honour and lustre to posterity; or revenge of their enemy, for public or personal insults; or lastly to extend the boundaries of their territories. But I cannot find, upon the strictest enquiry, that their bloody contests at this day are marked with deeper stains of inhumanity or savage cruelty, than may be observed amongst the most civilized nations: they do indeed scalp their slain enemy, but they do not kill the females or children of either sex: the most ancient traders, both in the upper and lower Creeks, assured me they never saw an instance of either burning or tormenting their captives; though it is said they used to do it formerly. I saw in every town in the nation of Seminoles, that I visited, more or less male captives, some extremely aged, who were free and in as good circumstances, as their masters; and all slaves have their freedom when they marry, which is permitted and encouraged; when, they and their offspring are every way upon an equality with their conquerors. They punish adulterers with great severity, male and female equally alike, by taking off their ears. Infamy and disgrace is supposed to be a sufficient punishment for crimes of less magnitude. They are fond of games and gambling, and amuse themselves like children, in relating extravagant stories, to cause surprise and mirth.” | quote | Bartram, William. Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida, the Cherokee country, the Extensive Territories of the Muscogulges or Creek Confederacy, and the Country of the Chactaws. 1792. | |
| Sanders, Elizabeth (Elkins). Conversations Principally on the Aborigines of North America. 1828. | Ethnography | “After crossing over the point or branch of the marshes, we entered a noble forest, the land level and the soil fertile; the forest consisted of orange groves, overtopped by grand magnolias, palms, &c., with various kinds of shrubs and herbaceous plants. We were cheerfully received in this hospitable shade by various tribes of birds, their sprightly songs seemed a prelude to the vicinity of human habitations. This magnificent grove was a wing of the vast forests lying upon the coast of the great and beautiful lake of Cuscowilla, at no great distance from us. Continuing eight or nine miles through this sublime forest, we entered an open forest of lofty pines and oaks, on gently swelling sand hills, and presently saw the lake, its waters sparkling through the open groves. Near the path was a large artifical mound of earth, on a charming high situation, supposed to be the work of the ancient Floridians or Yamazees, with other traces of an Indian town. Here were three or four Indian habitations; the women and children saluted us with cheerfulness and complaisance. After riding near a mile farther we arrived at Cuscowilla, near the banks; a pretty brook of water ran through the town, and entered the lake just by. We were welcomed to the town, and conducted by the young men and maidens to the chief's house, which stood on an eminence, and was distinguished from the rest by its superior magnitude, and a large flag being hoisted on a high staff at one corner. We immediately alighted; the chief, attended by several ancient men, came to us, and in a very free and sociable manner shook our hands, saying at the same time, ‘you are come.’ We followed him to an apartment prepared for the reception of their guests. The pipe being filled, was handed around; after which a large bowl, with what they call their drink, was brought in and set down on a small low table. In this bowl is a great wooden ladle: each person takes up as much as he pleases, and after drinking, returns it again into the bowl, with the handle towards the next person in the circle, and so it goes round. After the usual compliments and inquiries, the chief trader informed the chief, in the presence of his council or attendants, the purport of our business, with which he expressed his satisfaction. He was then informed what the nature of my errand was, and he received me with complaisance, giving me unlimited permission to travel over the country for the purpose of collecting flowers, medicinal plants, &c. saluting me by the name of Pue Puggy, or the flower hunter, recommending me to the friendship and protection of his people. The next day was agreed on to hold a council and transact the business of our embassy; soon after a considerable number of Indians assembled around their chief, when the conversation turned to common and familiar topics. The chief is a tall well made man, very affable and cheerful, about sixty years of age, his eyes lively and full of fire, his countenance manly and placid, yet ferocious, or what we call savage, his nose aquiline, his dress extremely simple, but his head trimmed and ornamented in the true Creek mode. The repast was now brought in, consisting of venison stewed with bear's oil, fresh corn cakes, milk and homeny; and our drink, honey and water, very cool and agreeable. After partaking of this banquet, we took leave and departed for the great savanna.” | quote | Bartram, William. Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida, the Cherokee country, the Extensive Territories of the Muscogulges or Creek Confederacy, and the Country of the Chactaws. 1792. | |
| Sanders, Elizabeth (Elkins). Conversations Principally on the Aborigines of North America. 1828. | Ethnography | “is a level green plain, above fifty miles in circumference, and scarcely a tree or bush to be seen on it. It is encircled with high, sloping hills, covered with waving forests and fragrant Orange groves, rising from an exhuberantly fertile soil. The towering magnolia, grandiflora and transcendent Palm, stand conspicuous amonst them. At the same time are seen innumerable droves of cattle, herds of deer, squadrons of the beautiful fleet Seminole horse, flocks of turkeys, civilized communities of the sonorous watchful crane, mixing together, happy in the enjoyment of nature's bounties.” | quote | Bartram, William. Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida, the Cherokee country, the Extensive Territories of the Muscogulges or Creek Confederacy, and the Country of the Chactaws. 1792. | |
| Sanders, Elizabeth (Elkins). Conversations Principally on the Aborigines of North America. 1828. | Ethnography | “Soon after sun-rise a party of Indians appeared upon the savanna to collect together several herds of cattle, which they drove along near our camp towards the town. One of the party came up, and informed us that the cattle belonged to the chief of Cuscowilla, that he had ordered some of the best steers to be slaughtered for a general feast for the whole town, in compliment of our arrival, and pacific negotiations. We soon followed them to town, in order to be at the council at the hour appointed. Upon our arrival we repaired to the public square or council-house, where the chiefs and senators were already convened; the warriors and young men assembled soon after, the business being transacted in public, which was soon terminated to the satisfaction of both parties. The banquet succeeded; the ribs and choisest fat pieces of the bullocks, excellently well barbecued, were brought into the apartment of the public square, constructed and appointed for feasting; bowls and kettles of stewed flesh and broth were brought in for the next course.” | quote | Bartram, William. Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida, the Cherokee country, the Extensive Territories of the Muscogulges or Creek Confederacy, and the Country of the Chactaws. 1792. | |
| Sanders, Elizabeth (Elkins). Conversations Principally on the Aborigines of North America. 1828. | Ethnography | “But I will now proceed to furnish the description of the town of Cuscowilla, which is the capital of the Alachua tribe, and contains about thirty habitations, each of which consists of two houses of nearly the same size, about thirty feet in length, twelve feet wide, and about the same in height. The door is placed midway on one side or in the front. This house is divided into two apartments, one of which is the cook room and common hall, and the other the lodging room. The other house is nearly of the same dimensions, standing about twenty yards from the dwelling house, its end fronting the door. The building is two stories high, and constructed in a different manner. It is divided transversely, as the other, but the end next the dwelling house is open on three sides, supported by posts or pillars. It has an open loft or platform, the ascent to which, is by a portable stair or ladder; this is a pleasant, airy, cool situation, and here the master or chief of a family retires to repose in the hot seasons, or receives his guests or visitors. The other half of this building is closed on all sides, the lowest or ground part is a potatoe house, and the upper story over it a granary for corn and other provisions. Their houses are constructed of a kind of frame. In the first place strong corner pillars are fixed in the ground, with others somewhat less, ranging on a line between; these are strengthened by cross pieces of timber, and the whole with the roof is covered close with the bark of the Cypress tree. The dwelling stands near the middle of a square yard, encompassed by a low bank, which is always carefully swept. Their towns are clean, the inhabitants being particular in laying all their filth at a proper distance from their dwellings, which undoubtedly contributes to the healthiness of their habitations. The town stands on the most pleasant situation that could be well imagined, in an inland country; upon a high swelling ridge of sand hills, within three or four hundred yards of a large and beautiful lake, the circular shore of which continually washes a sandy beach, under a moderately high sloping bank, terminated on one side by extensive forests, consisting of orange groves, overtopped with grand Magnolias, palms, poplar, and others already noticed, and the opposite point of the crescent, gradually retires with hommochy projecting points indenting the grassy marshes, and lastly terminates in infinite green plains and meadows, united with the skies and waters of the lake; at present the ground betwixt the town and the lake is adorned by an open grove of tall pine trees, which, standing at a considerable distance from each other, admit a delightful prospect of the sparkling waters. The lake abounds with various excellent fish, and wild fowl: there are incredible numbers of the latter, especially in the winter season.” | quote | Bartram, William. Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida, the Cherokee country, the Extensive Territories of the Muscogulges or Creek Confederacy, and the Country of the Chactaws. 1792. | |
| Sanders, Elizabeth (Elkins). Conversations Principally on the Aborigines of North America. 1828. | Ethnography | “They plant” | quote | Bartram, William. Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida, the Cherokee country, the Extensive Territories of the Muscogulges or Creek Confederacy, and the Country of the Chactaws. 1792. | |
| Sanders, Elizabeth (Elkins). Conversations Principally on the Aborigines of North America. 1828. | Ethnography | “but little here about the town; only a small garden at each habitation, consisting of corn, beans, citruls, &c. Their plantation, which supplies them with the chief of their vegetable provisions, lies on the rich, prolific lands bordering on the great Alachua savanna, about two miles distance. This plantation is one common enclosure, and is worked and tended by the whole community; yet every family has its particular part, according to its own appointment, marked off when planted; and this portion receives the common labour until ripe, when each family gathers and deposits in its granary its own proper share, setting apart a small gift or contribution for the public granary, which stands in the centre of the plantation. The youth, under the supervisal of some of their ancient people are, daily stationed in the fields, and are continually whooping and halooing to chase away crows, black-birds, and such predatory animals; and the lads are armed with bows and arrows, and being trained up to it from their early youth, are sure at a mark, and in the course of the day load themselves with squirrels, birds, &c. The men in their turn parole the cornfields at night to protect them from the depredations of bears, raccoons,” | quote | Bartram, William. Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida, the Cherokee country, the Extensive Territories of the Muscogulges or Creek Confederacy, and the Country of the Chactaws. 1792. | |
| Sanders, Elizabeth (Elkins). Conversations Principally on the Aborigines of North America. 1828. | Ethnography | “that in the old Spanish highway across the isthmus of Florida to Saint Marks, in the bay of Apalache, they passed through a great extent of ancient Indian fields, now grown over with forests of stately trees, orange groves, and luxuriant herbage, the old trader, his associate, informed him it was the ancient Alachua, the capital of that famous and powerful tribe, who peopled the hills surrounding the savanna, when in days of old, they could assemble by thousands at ball play, and other juvenile diversions and athletic exercises, over those then happy fields and green plains. And there is no reason to doubt of his account being true, as almost every step we take over those fertile heights, discovers remains and traces of human habitations and cultivation.” | quote | Bartram, William. Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida, the Cherokee country, the Extensive Territories of the Muscogulges or Creek Confederacy, and the Country of the Chactaws. 1792. | |
| Sanders, Elizabeth (Elkins). Conversations Principally on the Aborigines of North America. 1828. | Ethnography | “is perhaps as celebrated for fertility, fruitfulness, and fine prospects, as the fields of Pharsalia, or the vale of Tempe,” | quote | Bartram, William. Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida, the Cherokee country, the Extensive Territories of the Muscogulges or Creek Confederacy, and the Country of the Chactaws. 1792. | |
| Sanders, Elizabeth (Elkins). Conversations Principally on the Aborigines of North America. 1828. | Ethnography | “We now saw the town of Cowe, the elevated peaks of the Jore mountains, at a distance, the Jore village in a beautiful lawn, lifted up many thousands feet higher than our present situation, besides many other villages and settlements, on the sides of the mountains, at various distances and elevations; the silver rivulets gliding by them, and snow-white cataracts glimmering on the sides of the lofty hills, and the bold promontories of the Jore mountain stepping in to the Tanase river, whilst his foaming waters rushed between them. Proceeding on our return to Cowe, we continued through part of the high forests skirting on the meadows; and began to ascend the hills of a ridge, which we were under the necessity of crossing and having gained its summit, enjoyed a most enchanting view; a vast expanse of green meadows and strawberry fields; a meadering river, flowing through swelling green knowls, embellished with flowers and fruitful strawberry beds; flocks of turkies strolling about them; herds of deer bounding over the hills; companies of young innocent Cherokee virgins, some busy gathering the rich fruit, others, having already filled their baskets, lay reclined under the shade of native bowers of magnolias, &c. bathing in the cool streams; whilst others, more gay, were yet collecting strawberries, or chasing their companions, and staining their lips and cheeks with the rich fruit. We cautiously made our approaches undiscovered, almost to the joyous scene of action, when some matrons espying us, gave the alarm, time enough for the nymphs to assemble together. We however pursued and gained ground on a group of them, who had incautiously strolled to a greater distance from their guardian, and finding their retreat now like to be cut off, took shelter under cover of a little grove; but on perceiving themselves to be discovered by us, confidently and decently advanced to meet us, half unveiling their faces, and with native innocence and cheerfulness, presented their little baskets, telling us their fruit was ripe and good. We accepted a basket, sat down and regaled ourselves on the delicious fruit, encircled by the whole assembly of these innocent, jocose, sylvan nymphs; by this time the several parties, under the conduct of the elder matrons, had disposed themselves in companies on the green banks. My young companion, the trader, by concessions and suitable apologies for the bold intrusion, engaged them to bring their collections to his house; we parted friendly.” | quote | Bartram, William. Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida, the Cherokee country, the Extensive Territories of the Muscogulges or Creek Confederacy, and the Country of the Chactaws. 1792. | |
| Sanders, Elizabeth (Elkins). Conversations Principally on the Aborigines of North America. 1828. | Ethnography | “This town consists of about one hundred dwellings, near the banks of the Tanase, on both sides of the river. The Cherokees construct their habitations, on a different plan from the Creeks, that is one oblong square building, of one story high; the materials consisting of logs or trunks of trees stripped of their bark, notched at their ends, fixed one upon another, and afterward plastered well, both inside and out, with clay well tempered with dry grass, and the whole covered or roofed with the bark of the chesnut tree, or long broad shingles. This building is however, partitioned transversely, forming three apartments, which communicate with each other by inside doors; each house has besides a little conical house, covered with dirt, called the winter or hot house; this stands a few yards distant from the mansion house, opposite the front door. The council or town house is a large rotunda, capable of accommodating several hundred people: it stands on the top of an ancient artificial mount of earth, of about twenty feet perpendicular, and the rotunda on the top of it being above thirty feet more, gives the whole fabric an elevation of near sixty feet from the common surface of the ground. But it may be proper to observe, that this mount on which the rotunda stands, is of a more ancient date than the building, and perhaps was raised for another purpose. The Cherokees themselves are ignorant by what people, or for what purpose, these artificial hills were raised; they have various stories concerning them, which amount to no more than mere conjecture; but they have a tradition common with other nations of Indians, that they found them in much the same condition as they now appear, when their ancestors arrived from the West, and possessed themselves of the country, after vanquishing the nations of red men who then inhabited it, who themselves found these mounts, when they took possession of the country; the former possessors delivering the same story concerning them; perhaps they were designed and appropriated by the people, who constructed them, to some religious purpose, as great altars and temples, similar to the high places and sacred groves, anciently amongst the Canaanites, and other nations of Palestine and Judea.—The rotunda is constructed after the following manner: they first fix in the ground a circular range of posts or trunks of trees, about six feet high, at equal distance, which are notched at top, to receive into them, from one to another, a range of beams or wall plates; within this is another circular order of very large and strong pillars, above twelve feet high, notched in like manner at top, to receive another range of wall plates; and within this is yet another or third range of stronger and higher pillars, but fewer in number, and standing at a greater distance from each other; and lastly, in the centre stands a very strong pillar which forms the pinnacle of the building, and to which the rafters centre at the top; these rafters are strengthened and bound together by cross beams or laths, which sustain the roof, which is a layer of bark neatly placed and tight enough to exclude the rain, and sometimes they cast a thin superficies of earth over all. There is but one large door, which serves at the same time to admit light from without, and for the smoke to escape when a fire is kindled; but as there is but a small fire kept sufficient to give light at night, and that fed with dry, small, round wood, divested of its bark, there is but little smoke. All around the inside of the building, betwixt the second range of pillars and the wall, is a range of cabins or sofas, consisting of two or three steps, one above or behind the other, in theatrical order, where the assembly sit or lean down; these sofas are covered with mats or carpets, very curiously made of thin splints of ash or oak, woven or platted together: near the great pillar in the centre the fire is kindled for light, near which the musicians seat themselves, and round about the performers exhibit their dances and other shows at public festivals, which happen almost every night throughout the year. About the close of the evening, I accompnied Mr. Galahan and other white traders to the rotunda, where was a great festival, music and dancing. This assembly was held principally to rehearse the ball-play dance, this town being challenged to play against another the next day. The people being assembled and seated in order, and the musicians having taken their station, the ball opens, first with a long harangue or oration, spoken by an aged chief, in commendation of the manly exercise of the ball-play, recounting the many brilliant victories which the town of Cowe had gained over the other towns in the nation, not neglecting to recite his own exploits, together with other aged men now present, coadjutors in the performance of these athletic games in their youthful days. The oration was delivered with great spirit and eloquence, and was designed to influence the passions of the young men present, excite them to emulation, and inspire them with ambition. This prologue being ended, the musicians began, both vocal and instrumental; when presently a company of girls, hand in hand, dressed in clean white robes, and ornamented with beads, bracelets, and a profusion of gay ribbons, entering the door, immediately began to sing their responses in a gentle low and sweet voice, and formed themselves in a semicircular file or line, in two ranks, back to back, facing the spectators and musicians, moving round and round. This continued about a quarter of an hour, when we were surprised by a sudden loud and shrill whoop, uttered at once by a company of young fellows, who came in briskly after one another, with rackets or hurls in one hand. These champions were well dressed, painted, and ornamented with moccasins, silver bracelets, gorgets, and wampum, with high waving plumes in their diadems; they immediately formed themselves in a semicircular rank also, in front of the girls, when these changed their order, and formed a single rank, parallel to the men, raising their voices in responses to the tunes of the young champions, the semicircles continually moving round. There was something singular and diverting in their step and motions, and I imagine not to be learned to exactness, but with great attention and perseverance; they at the same time, and in the same motion, moved on obliquely, or sideways; so that the circle performed a double complex motion in its progression, and at stated times exhibited a grand or universal movement, instantly and unexpectedly to the spectators, by each rank turning to right and left, and taking each others places: the movements were managed with inconceivable alertness and address, and accompanied with an instantaneous and universal elevation of the voice. The Cherokees, besides the ball-play dance, have a variety of others equally entertaining. The men especially exercise themselves with a variety of gesticulations, and capers; some of them are ludicrous and diverting enough; and they have others, which are of a martial order, and others of the chase; these seem to be somewhat of a tragical nature, wherein they exhibit astonishing feats of military prowess, masculine strength and activity. Indeed all their dances and musical entertainments seem to be theatrical exhibitions or plays, varied with comic interludes. The women however conduct themselves with becoming grace and dignity.” | quote | Bartram, William. Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida, the Cherokee country, the Extensive Territories of the Muscogulges or Creek Confederacy, and the Country of the Chactaws. 1792. | |
| Sanders, Elizabeth (Elkins). Conversations Principally on the Aborigines of North America. 1828. | Ethnography | “The chief of the village” | quote | Bartram, William. Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida, the Cherokee country, the Extensive Territories of the Muscogulges or Creek Confederacy, and the Country of the Chactaws. 1792. | |
| Sanders, Elizabeth (Elkins). Conversations Principally on the Aborigines of North America. 1828. | Ethnography | “conducted us to a grand airy pavilion in the centre. It was a square: a range of pillars or posts on each side supporting a canopy composed of palmetto leaves, woven or thatched together, which shaded a level platform in the centre, that was ascended to from each side by two steps or flights, each about twelve inches high, and seven or eight feet in breadth, all covered with carpets or mats, curiously woven, of split canes dyed of various colours. Here being seated or reclining ourselves, after smoking tobacco, baskets of the choisest fruits were brought and set before us.—The fields, surrounding the towns and groves, were plentifully stored with corn, citrals, pumpkins, squashes, beans, peas, potatoes, peaches, figs, oranges, &c.” | quote | Bartram, William. Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida, the Cherokee country, the Extensive Territories of the Muscogulges or Creek Confederacy, and the Country of the Chactaws. 1792. | |
| Sanders, Elizabeth (Elkins). Conversations Principally on the Aborigines of North America. 1828. | Ethnography | “The Muscogulges are said to be ingenious, sensible and virtuous men, bold and intrepid, yet quiet and peaceaable. They are supposed to be most ingenious and industrious husbandmen, having large plantations, or country farms, where they employ much of their time in agricultural improvements, after the manner of the white people; by which means their territories are more generally cultivated, and better inhabited, than any other Indian republic that we know of. It appeared to me, from observation, and what information I could get, that the Indians have rational notions of the soul's immortality, and of a future state of social existence; and in order to inculcate morality, and promote human happiness, they applaud and praise worthy actions as commendable, and necessary for the support of civil society, and maintaining the dignity and strength of their nation or tribe, as well as securing an excellent and tranquil state and degree in the world of spirits, after their decease. And they say the Great Spirit favours all good and brave men.” | quote | Bartram, William. Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida, the Cherokee country, the Extensive Territories of the Muscogulges or Creek Confederacy, and the Country of the Chactaws. 1792. | |
| Sanders, Elizabeth (Elkins). Conversations Principally on the Aborigines of North America. 1828. | Ethnography | “Many very magnificent monuments of the power and industry of the ancient inhabitants of these lands. I observed a stupendous conical pyramid, or artificial mound of earth, vast tetragon terraces, and a large sunken area, of a cubical form, encompassed with banks of earth; and certain traces of a larger Indian town, the work of a powerful nation, whose period of grandeur perhaps long preceded the discovery of the continent.” | quote | Bartram, William. Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida, the Cherokee country, the Extensive Territories of the Muscogulges or Creek Confederacy, and the Country of the Chactaws. 1792. | |
| Sanders, Elizabeth (Elkins). Conversations Principally on the Aborigines of North America. 1828. | Ethnography | “I made a little excursion up the Savanna river, four or five miles above fort James, with the surgeon of the garrison, who was so polite as to attend me to show me some remarkable Indian monuments, which are worthy of every traveller's notice. These wonderful labors of the ancients stand in a level plain, very near the banks of the river. They consist of conical mounts of earth, and four square terraces, &c. The great mount is in the form of a cone, about forty or fifty feet high, and the circumference of its base two or three hundred yards, entirely composed of the loamy rich earth of the low grounds; the top or apex is flat; a spiral path or track leading from the low grounds to the top is still visible, where now grows a large and beautiful spreading red cedar: there appears four niches excavated out of the sides of this mount, at different heights from the base, fronting the four cardinal points; these niches are entered into town from the winding path, and seem to have been meant for the resting places or look outs. The circumjacent level grounds are now cleared and planted with Indian corn; and I think the proprietor of these lands, who accompanied us to this place, said, that the mount itself yielded above one hundred bushels in one season: the land hereabouts is indeed exceeding fertile and productive. Some imagine these tumuli were constructed for look-out towers. It is reasonable to suppose, however, that they were to serve some important purpose, as they were public works, and would have required the united labour and attention of a whole nation, circumstanced as they were, to have constructed one of them almost in an age. There are several smaller ones, round about the great one, with some very large tetragon terraces, on each side, near one hundred yards in length, and their surface, four, six, eight and ten feet above the ground on which they stand.” | quote | Bartram, William. Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida, the Cherokee country, the Extensive Territories of the Muscogulges or Creek Confederacy, and the Country of the Chactaws. 1792. | |
| Sanders, Elizabeth (Elkins). Conversations Principally on the Aborigines of North America. 1828. | Ethnography | “enjoyed a most enchanting prospect of the great Lake George. At about fifty yards distance from the landing place stands a magnificent Indian mount. About fifteen years ago I visited this place, at which time there were no settlements of white people, but all appeared wild and savage; yet in that uncultivated state it possessed an almost inexpressible air of grandeur, which was now entirely changed. At that time there was a very considerable extent of old fields round about the mount; there was also a large orange grove, together with palms and live oaks, extending from near the mount, along the banks downwards; all of which has been since cleared away to make room for planting ground. But what greatly contributed towards completing the magnificence of the scene, was a noble Indian highway, which led from the great mount on a straight line, three quarters of a mile, first through a point or wing of the orange grove, and continuing through a stately forest of live oaks, it was terminated by palms and laurel magnolias, on the verge of an oblong artificial lake, which was on the edge of an extensive green level savanna. This grand highway was about fifty yards wide, sunk a little below the common level, and the earth thrown up on each side, making a bank of about two feet high. Neither nature nor art could any where present a more striking contrast, as you approached this savanna. The glittering water pond played on the sight through the dark grove like a brilliant diamond, on the bosom of the illuminated savanna, bordered with various flowery shrubs and plants; and as we advanced into the plain the sight was agreeably relieved by a distant view of the forest, which partly environed the green expanse on the left hand, whilst the imagination was still flattered and entertained by the distant misty points of the surrounding forests, which projected into the plain, alternately appearing and disappearing, making a grand sweep round on the right, to the distant banks of the great lake. All has been cleared away and planted with indigo, corn and cotton, but since deserted; there was now scarcely five acres of ground under fence. It appeared like a desert to a great extent, and terminated on the land side, by frightful thickets, and open pine forests. It appears, however, that the late proprietor had some taste, as he has preserved the mount, and the little adjoining grove inviolate. The prospect from this station comprises at one view the whole of the sublime and pleasing.” | quote | Bartram, William. Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida, the Cherokee country, the Extensive Territories of the Muscogulges or Creek Confederacy, and the Country of the Chactaws. 1792. | |
| Sanders, Elizabeth (Elkins). Conversations Principally on the Aborigines of North America. 1828. | Ethnography | “The pyramidal or artificial mounts, and highways, or avenues, leading from them to artificial lakes, or ponds, vast tetragon terraces, church yards, (a term given by the white traders, to the oblong square yards, adjoining the high mounts, and rotundas of the modern Indians and obelisks or pillars of wood, are the only monuments of labour, ingenuity and magnificence, that I have seen worthy of notice. The region lying between Savanna river, and Oakmulge, East and West, and from the sea coast to the Cherokee or Apalachean mountain, North and South, is the most remarkable for these high conical hills, tetragon terraces, and church yards. This region was possessed by the Cherokees since the arrival of Europeans, but they were afterwards dispossessed by the Muscogulges, and all that country was, probably many ages preceding the Cherokee invasion, inhabited by one nation or confederacy, who were ruled by one system of laws, but so ancient that the Cherokees, Creeks, or the nations they conquered, could render no account for what purpose these monuments were raised. The mounts or cubical yards adjoining them, seem to have been raised in part for ornament and recreation, and likewise to serve some other public purpose since they were always so situated as to command the most extensive prospects over the town and country adjacent. The tetragon terraces seem to be the foundation of a fortress; and perhaps the great pyramidal mounts, served for the purpose of lookout towers, and high places for sacrifices. The sunken areas adjoining the mounts are surrounded by a bank, and sometimes two of them, one behind and above another and served as seats. From the river St. Juan's, southerly, to the point of the peninsula of Florida, are to be seen high pyramidal mounts, with spacious and extensive avenues, leading from them out of the town, to an artificial lake or pond of water; these were evidently designed in part for ornament or monuments of magnificence, to perpetuate the power and grandeur of the nation, and not inconsiderable neither, for they exhibit scenes of power and grandeur, and must have been public edifices.” | quote | Bartram, William. Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida, the Cherokee country, the Extensive Territories of the Muscogulges or Creek Confederacy, and the Country of the Chactaws. 1792. | |
| Smith, Charlotte (Turner). Elegiac Sonnets. 1797. | Poetry | Travels in America | title | Bartram, William. Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida, the Cherokee country, the Extensive Territories of the Muscogulges or Creek Confederacy, and the Country of the Chactaws. 1792. | |
| Trench, Melesina (Chenevix). Thoughts of a Parent on Education. 1816. | Education | Minerals and Metals; their Natural History and Uses in the Arts; with Incidental Accounts of Mines and Mining | advertisement | Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. Minerals and Metals: Their Natural History and Uses in the Arts with Incidental Accounts of Mines and Mining. 1837. | |
| Williams, Catherine Read (Arnold). The Neutral French. 1841. | Novel | Geology of Maine, | title | Jackson, Charles Thomas. Reports on the Geology of the State of Maine. 1837 – 1839. | Geology |
| Williams, Catherine Read (Arnold). The Neutral French. 1841. | Novel | “Eleven families” | quote | Jackson, Charles Thomas. Reports on the Geology of the State of Maine. 1837 – 1839. | Geology |
| Williams, Catherine Read (Arnold). The Neutral French. 1841. | Novel | “had just emigrated to the West, and numbers were preparing to follow, unless the country should speedily (return) to the United States” | adaptation | Jackson, Charles Thomas. Reports on the Geology of the State of Maine. 1837 – 1839. | Geology |